Dr Melissa Siegel is an Associate Professor and Migration Studies Programme Manager at the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance and a Senior Researcher and Migration and Development research theme leader for the UNU Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, where she manages several migration research projects and coordinates the Migration Studies Specialization and the Migration Management Diploma Programme.
Why It’s Time to Get Serious about Migration and Development
Photo: Bwag / CC BY-SA 4.0
World leaders gathered in New York on 19 September 2016 for a summit on large movements of refugees and migrants. This article is part of a United Nations University Migration Network series which reflects on the challenges and opportunities of the summit from various critical perspectives: migration governance and policy; forced migration; migration and environment; migration and health; migration and culture; and migration and development.
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It’s time that we get serious about development — and really ‘put our money where our mouth is’. For far too long we, in powerful countries and across the development community, have talked about what can be done to help less developed countries and people. But we never really get serious about it. We’re like the people who always make the New Year’s resolution to lose weight — we join a gym, go once and then decide it is too uncomfortable and give up. You can roughly equate this to our failure to fully achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Michael Clemens, from the Center for Global Development in Washington DC, has spoken at length about ‘everything-but-labour’ globalisation — whereby goods and services can move relatively freely but people cannot — and how this hinders development. In short, the world is highly unequal.
Because of where I was born, I am able to travel the world relatively freely and take advantage of occupational opportunities wherever I see fit; I do not need visas to enter many countries and getting a work or residence permit is much easier for me than for people coming from less developed countries. This is a luxury for the few.
Sometimes it is difficult to get visas for migration specialists from developing countries to attend conferences in developed countries — quite an ironic juxtaposition. So we end up having migration and development conferences with little attendance from our colleagues from the Global South because they are unable to enter the countries where the meetings take place. For real development to happen in origin and destination countries, this has to stop. The case has to be made for a revised set of global policies on human mobility.
Why do (developed) countries have such a hard time doing what needs to be done? First, there is often a misunderstanding — or even a wilful ignorance — about the linkages between migration and development. Does migration cause development or does development cause migration? Professors Hein de Haas and Ronald Skeldon have been discussing this dichotomy for some time. In reality it’s a two-way process. As a country develops, more people migrate because they have more means to do so, while other countries demand more skilled labour. What’s also clear is that once a country develops enough, we’re no longer worried about their people migrating.
Perception is paramount
I’m an American living in the Netherlands. Migration from developed countries has not stopped — we just change our language and thinking about this type of migration. We suddenly start talking about expats, the highly skilled, the global race for talent — and then we’re begging these people to enter our countries. So development does not stop migration, it just changes how we perceive it. The UK, a country that had a very heated discussion about migration in the last year, was the 10th largest source of migration in 2013.
It’s time for a change. There is a clear opportunity to make headway in September at the UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants. The draft outcome document for the meeting has potential because it places migrants and refugees at the centre of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. But what exactly does that mean?
The draft outcome document moves in the right direction but in many places does not go far enough and at times the document seems to perpetuate the idea that development will stop migration. For instance, paragraph 12 states that “we will address movements caused by poverty, instability, marginalization and exclusion and the lack of development and economic opportunities, with particular reference to most vulnerable populations”. This sounds like: let us help them develop so they do not migrate.
There is also some very positive language, including “migration should be a choice”, but it does not go far enough in enabling choice. Paragraph 57 states that “we will consider facilitating opportunities for safe, orderly, regular migration, including, as appropriate, employment creation, labour mobility at all skill levels, circular migration, family reunification and education-related opportunities”.
It is concerning that there is much more space in the document devoted to return and border control than really facilitating opportunities for migration. The document states that they will only consider “reviewing policies that criminalize cross-border movement”. It still seems that the international community is not willing to take the necessary steps to ensure that migration is a choice for all.
The outcome document aims to put a process in place that will evolve over the coming years. Let’s just hope this doesn’t take too long. There is still an opportunity but this will require strong leadership and well-thought-out policies. So will states and policymakers be willing to make unpopular decisions — i.e., the right decisions? Are we finally going to lose those extra kilos or are we still going to be eating cookies on the couch after the UN Summit on 19 September 2016?
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This article originally appeared on the United Nations University Migration Network website on 19 September 2016.
Why It’s Time to Get Serious about Migration and Development by Melissa Siegel is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.